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The umbric horizon (''Latin: umbra, shade'') is a thick, dark coloured, surface Soil horizon rich in organic matter. It is identified by its dark colour and structure. Normally it has a pH of less than 5.5 representing a base saturation of less than 50 percent. An indication for Soil acidity is a rooting pattern whereby the roots tend to be horizontal.〔(World Reference Base for Soil Resources )〕 Similar thick, dark coloured, organic-rich, base-desaturated surface horizons occur in anthropedogenic horizons from human activities such as deep cultivation, kitchen middens and the addition of organic manures etc. These horizons can usually be differentiated by the presence of artifacts, spade marks or by checking the agricultural history of the area〔 The World Reference Base for Soil Resources diagnostic criteria states that an umbric horizon must have: *Soil structure sufficiently strong that the horizon is not both massive and hard or very hard when dry. *Munsell colours with a chroma value darker than 3.5 when moist and 5.5 when dry, both on broken and crushed samples. *It is described as base-desaturated in that it has a base saturation of less than 50 percent on a weighted average throughout the depth of the horizon; and *Organic carbon content of 0.6 percent or more throughout the thickness of mixed horizon *A thickness of 100 mm if resting directly on hard rock; at least 200 mm/ more than one-third of the solum where the solum is less than 750 mm thick; or more than 250 mm where the solum is more than 750 mm thick.〔 ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「umbric horizon」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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